List of Legends elements in the films
- "…we're inspired by the comics and the books…"
- ―George Lucas
C-canon elements from licensed Expanded Universe (EU) creators have appeared in the Star Wars films, mainly the prequel trilogy. Most of these are brief appearances, almost taking the form of Easter eggs, and are even hardly distinguishable. However, others are more substantial.
The prequel trilogy also has many references to names and elements introduced in the television series Star Wars Droids due to Ben Burtt's large involvement in both, not the least of which is the cameo by himself as Ebenn Q3 Baobab in The Phantom Menace.
The reverse process is also true: many Expanded Universe works have given names and/or background information to nearly every element shown in the films. Additionally, the Visual Dictionary series, along with other official sources such as "What's The Story?," has also introduced many retcons, thus "creating" C-canon depictions in films—e.g. the Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith: The Visual Dictionary identifies Count Dooku's tunic in Revenge of the Sith as being created on Vjun, a planet found heretofore strictly in the EU. The significance of these identifications, for the most part, is downplayed in this article.
After the reboot of 2014, EU material has been harvested for use in the new continuity, and films including Star Wars: Episode VII The Force Awakens borrow Legends material.
Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace
- The species name Rodian first appeared in Galaxy Guide 1: A New Hope, but was used in the prequel trilogy in George Lucas's handwritten scripts and production notes (although it is never mentioned in dialogue).
- "Coruscant" was coined by Timothy Zahn for The Thrawn Trilogy. Lucas was going to include the capital world of Had Abbadon in Return of the Jedi, but adopted Zahn's name for Imperial Center when presenting the planet in the Special Editions and prequel trilogy. Zahn and Lucas both conceived of this capital world as an ecumenopolis.
- The Aurebesh that appears is the one created by West End Games, who had, in turn based it on meaningless script appearing in the original trilogy.
- Hutts being a species, rather than a gangster title (as originally suggested), also originated in West End Games material.
- The Jedi Code is mentioned, having first appeared in West End Games' Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game.
- Boonta Eve Classic resembles the Boonta Speeder Race from the Droids episode "A Race to the Finish."
- The following could have been intentional EU references, or later retcons, coincidences, or EU extrapolations:
- Prince Xizor appears as a spectator at the Mos Espa Grand Arena. A Micro-Machines model of the Shadows of the Empire villain was used to populate the crowd, possibly randomly, without canonical significance.
- Toong, the species of Ben Quadinaros, was mentioned in Droids, while his homeworld, Tund, was first mentioned in The Lando Calrissian Adventures and appeared in that trilogy's final volume, Lando Calrissian and the Starcave of ThonBoka.
- The Theelin species appears, in the form of Diva Shaliqua. The species first appeared in Star Wars: Dark Empire. (Another Theelin had already appeared in the Return of the Jedi Special Edition; see below.)
- Ebenn Q3 Baobab may be a member of the Baobab family introduced in Droids. The role was a cameo by sound designer Ben Burtt.
- Shmi and the others watch the race through a device described as a datapad. Datapads first appeared in Heir to the Empire and have shown up in other EU books since.
- Darth Maul's double-bladed lightsaber was a design originally seen wielded by Exar Kun in the Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi - Dark Lords of the Sith and Tales of the Jedi: The Sith War comic books.
- Mace Windu uses the phrase "mystery of the Sith," which is similar to the title of the video game Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith. In that game, Mara Jade utilises a purple lightsaber, like Windu would years later in Attack of the Clones,[1] although in Windu's case, it was a personal request of Samuel L. Jackson.[2]
Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones

- Aayla Secura appeared as a minor character in the movies, played by Amy Allen. The character was introduced in Star Wars: Republic: Twilight, released after The Phantom Menace. George Lucas liked her illustration and decided to import her.
- Action VI transports initially appeared as the Wild Karrde in Heir to the Empire. They also arrive at the Theed Spaceport in Attack of the Clones.
- The planet Rishi, introduced in Dark Force Rising, was given a mention via the Rishi Maze in Attack of the Clones.
- The swamp planet of Bogden that was mentioned by Jango Fett appeared in the Droids episode "The Revenge of Kybo Ren."
- Luminara Unduli and Barriss Offee first appeared in the novels Cloak of Deception by James Luceno and The Approaching Storm by Alan Dean Foster. The characters also appeared in this film as two of the Jedi sent to rescue Anakin Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Padmé Amidala.
- Dex's Diner is similar to the diner in an episode of Droids.
- Footage similar to that found in Star Wars Episode I: Racer can be seen on a screen in the Outlander Club.
- The concept of power couplings (of the type that Obi-Wan and Anakin flew through) first appeared in the Star Wars: Dark Empire comics.
- Dooku's lightsaber design originated in "Bane of the Sith."

- The following may have been intentional EU references, or later retcons, coincidences, or EU extrapolations:
- San Hill is identified as a Muun from Muunilinst, a planet first mentioned in Specter of the Past.
- The region of Coruscant where Dooku arrives and meets Sidious resembles the Coruscant scenes in the alternate dark-side ending of Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II. However, in Jedi Knight, the Imperial Palace appears instead of the LiMerge Building.
- When Obi-Wan uses a lightsaber blade to block Dooku's Force lightning, this is possibly a reference to Luke Skywalker doing the same to Joruus C'baoth's lightning in The Last Command.
- Power chairs first appeared in Tales of the Jedi: The Golden Age of the Sith. However, the concept of an antigravity seat is common in science fiction, so this may be mere coincidence.
Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith
Revenge of the Sith has several elements that first appeared in Legends sources, such as Labyrinth of Evil, that were written during the movie's production. However, since those sources borrowed those elements directly from the finished post-production movie script (for example, General Grievous was written for the film but first appeared in Star Wars: Clone Wars), they are not included.
- The form of Force Grip that appears in the scene with Darth Tyranus and Obi-Wan (immobilizing and lifting the target) first appeared in the Jedi Knight games.
- Anakin Skywalker's double-lightsaber decapitation of Tyranus is similar to Luke Skywalker's defeat of Shimrra Jamaane in The New Jedi Order: The Unifying Force.
- Plo Koon's Delta-7 Aethersprite-class light interceptor has the same paint scheme as the Azure Angel.
- Legends character Quinlan Vos is mentioned (as "Master Vos") by Obi-Wan Kenobi in the one of the Jedi Temple's many data rooms. (Vos in turn was based on a background extra at the Mos Espa café in The Phantom Menace.) A cameo of this character during the execution of Order 66 was planned but not filmed.
- A Juggernaut tank is prominently seen during the Battle of Kashyyyk. Although based on unused original AT-AT concept art, the Juggernaut was established in the Legends continuity as a siege vehicle of the Old Republic.
- As first mentioned in The Illustrated Star Wars Universe, Aldera is depicted as at the very least being close to a lake, if not at the center as previously noted.
- Sound clips of Attichitcuk's growls from The Star Wars Holiday Special were used for a few of Tarfful's growls during Yoda's goodbye scene to him and Chewbacca.[3] Additionally, Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith Incredible Cross-Sections shows Attichitcuk using one of the gun platforms during the Battle of Kashyyyk.
- Although most likely an unintentional reference, Mace Windu's line "He's too dangerous to be left alive" echoes the same line spoken by Kreia in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords.
- The sinkhole grottoes of Utapau resemble the pirate caves on Tarnoonga as seen in the Droids episode "The Pirates of Tarnoonga" and, to a lesser extent, the Great Well on Ophideraan, from the "The Serpent Masters" story arc of the Star Wars newspaper comic strip.
- General Grievous's wheel bike is similar to Jann Tosh's vehicle in Droids.[4]
- Tsui Choi appears in the beginning of the Kashyyyk scene, riding a can-cell.

- The following may have been intentional EU references, or later retcons, coincidences, or EU extrapolations:
- The 501st Legion was canonized in Survivor's Quest before being included in Revenge of the Sith. In turn, it was a real-life charity organization, being therefore also a fanon element that made its way into continuity.
- The Massassi frieze in Palpatine's office depicts a battle of the Great Hyperspace War, described in the Tales of the Jedi comics. However, it is possible that when designed, it was intended to represent that Ruusan campaign which was invented along with The Phantom Menace; therefore the official description could be a retcon.
- Palpatine's interest in achieving immortality may be a reference to the comic-book series Star Wars: Dark Empire, in which Palpatine gets cloned several times with the transfer essence art to try to resurrect his Empire.
- Baron Papanoida had been identified as a Wroonian before his species was retconned as a Pantoran. Wroonian appeared first in issue seven of the Marvel Star Wars comic series.
- Nee Alavar, a background character, was identified as a Lorrdian. The Lorrdian people first appeared in the novel Han Solo's Revenge.
- Padmé Amidala says, "This war represents a failure to listen." The character Mira says the same sentence in Jedi: Mace Windu.
- The Room of a Thousand Fountains appears in a hologram when Cin Drallig fights with Darth Vader; it was first mentioned in Jedi Apprentice: The Rising Force.
- The film's Buzz droids serve a purpose very similar to the Expanded Universe's Grutchins.
- The following are retcons.
- Salporin first appeared in Heir to the Empire. A Wookiee in the movie has been retconned to be Salporin.
- Olana Chion, a Jedi, first appeared in Jude Watson's Jedi Apprentice: The Fight for Truth.
Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope

- Swoop bikes new for the film, were redesigned and added to the Shadows of the Empire. In the Special Edition scenes added to A New Hope, a swoop bike scares a ronto.
- The Outrider (and with it, YT-2400 light freighters generally) were added to a scene in the Special Edition. It is seen from a distance lifting off from Mos Eisley.
- ASP-series droid, had appeared in Shadows of the Empire.
- Yet another addition to Shadows of the Empire is the appearance of the Sentinel-class landing craft seen in the new dewback scene as well as above Mos Eisley.
- The tractor beam characters were changed from English to Aurebesh for the 2004 DVD Edition. Of note is the fact that the Aurebesh had appared in original releases of the original trilogy (i.e. the clearance code screen for Tydirium in Return of the Jedi) is made up of nonsense characters. West End Games created a 'translation" to English letters for Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game based on what had appeared onscreen. When using these newly assigned equivalents, most of the original trilogy Aurebesh remains unintelligible; however, in the prequel trilogy and a few remastered original trilogy examples, it has an actual meaning.
- It is not known if the following were intentional EU references, or were later retcons, coincidences, or EU extrapolations:
Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back
- Boba Fett, who first appeared in the Holiday Special in 1978, plays a major role as the individual who finds the Millennium Falcon. However, the Holiday Special was written by Lucas himself, and the character of Fett was designed for Empire, but revealed to the public through the Holiday Special, much like with Grievous some twenty-six years later.
- Obi-Wan's dialogue to Luke on Dagobah references a scene in Splinter of the Mind's Eye. He tells Luke that if he goes after Vader alone, "I cannot interfere," a line that causes Yoda's eyes to widen and Luke to nearly rethink this plan. The only time in the Star Wars saga that Obi-Wan literally interfered (he only gave Luke advice in A New Hope) was when Vader confronted Luke at the end of Splinter of the Mind's Eye, during which Obi-Wan took over Luke's body to ensure the Dark Lord's defeat.
- A similar title, The Empire Strikes, had been used for the December 1978 issue of the Marvel Star Wars series.
Star Wars: Episode VI Return of the Jedi
- The Theelin, in the person of Rystáll Sant in the Special Edition. The Theelin had first appeared in Star Wars: Dark Empire.
- Boba Fett's rope weapon and jetpack had originally appeared in the Holiday Special.
- A beard was added to Crix Madine's costume when it was realized that Kenner was designing the toy with a beard.
Star Wars: Episode VII The Force Awakens
- Kylo Ren's name has a one-letter difference from Kybo Ren, a villain from Star Wars: Droids.
- Kylo Ren is similar to Jacen Solo/Darth Caedus, a main character in many Legends novels. Like Kylo Ren, he was the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa and fell to the dark side of the Force.
- In Legends, Jacen Solo became the apprentice of Lumiya and joined Lumiya's Sith, and in a similar manner Ben Solo became the apprentice of Snoke and joined the Knights of Ren.
- After Kylo Ren's fall to the dark side of the Force, Luke goes into exile. In Legends, he was exiled too by Natasi Daala for Jacen's fall to the dark side in the novel Fate of the Jedi: Outcast.
- Kylo Ren kills a family member, in his case his father, after his turn to the dark side. In Legends, Jacen killed his aunt Mara Jade Skywalker in the novel Legacy of the Force: Sacrifice.
- Kylo Ren's birth name is "Ben Solo" after Obi-Wan Kenobi. "Ben" was the name of the child of Luke Skywalker in Legends and was too named after Obi-Wan Kenobi.
- First Order Stormtroopers in Canon play a similar role to the Galactic Alliance Guard in Legends in that they serve as soldiers under the command of Kylo Ren/Darth Caedus.
- Until this film introduced Captain Phasma, the only other female Stormtrooper was Jes Gistang, a character from the Legends continuity.
- Phasma's character has similarities with Tamith Kai from Legends. Both characters were instructors responsible for recruiting, combat training and discipline, both were warriors originally members of a clan.
- The term "Light" (for the Light Side) is mentioned.
- Kylo Ren has a crossguard lightsaber as his weapon. A crossguard lightsaber first appeared in the comic book Republic 61.
- Luke Skywalker also trained a new generation of Jedi in the Legends continuity, who particularly served as the main focus of the novel series Star Wars: The New Jedi Order. Unlike Legends, Luke's Jedi came to an end abruptly.
- The New Republic was first introduced and created for the novel Heir to the Empire.
- Han Solo mentions the Moof, which was first pictured in Star Wars: Republic: Vow of Justice.
- The film's title was at one point considered to be Shadows of the Empire, likely as a reference to the Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire multimedia project, though it was ultimately dropped according to Pablo Hidalgo.
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
- Galen Walton Erso's first name was also the first name of Darth Vader's secret apprentice in the video game Star Wars: The Force Unleashed and its sequel.
- Jyn Erso's name is similar to Jan Ors, the sidekick of Kyle Katarn who stole the Death Star plans in the video game Star Wars: Dark Forces.
- Early concept art for the film used the Temple of Pomojema as a setting, but it was ultimately replaced with the Temple of the Kyber.
- Darth Vader tries to heal himself in a bacta tank, similar to when Vader tries to use the Force to heal himself in the Shadows of the Empire novel.
- The film shows Darth Vader having a castle at Mustafar, taking inspiration from Ralph McQuarrie concept art for The Empire Strikes Back. In Legends, Vader had a palace at Coruscant and a castle at Vjun, respectively seen in the Shadows of the Empire novel and in Dark Empire II 6.
- The film's climax takes place during the Battle of Scarif, where the Death Star plans are stolen. In the Legends continuity, the battle in which the plans were stolen was identified as the Battle of Toprawa by the Star Wars radio drama, taking place at Toprawa with the operation identified as Operation Skyhook.
- The Battle of Scarif included a Sphyrna-class Hammerhead corvette, based on the Hammerhead-class cruiser first seen in the Legends video game Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic.
- The death troopers deployed at Scarif are similar to the Shadowtroopers from the Legends video game Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast.
Star Wars: Episode VIII The Last Jedi
- Luke tricks his nephew Kylo Ren by using a Force projection through the Force to allow the Resistance time to escape. This is similar to how he used projections of himself to confuse his nephew Jacen Solo/Darth Caedus into thinking he was attacking him instead of his sister Jaina.
- The organization of four units of two in the Elite Praetorian Guard that guard Snoke may be loosely based on the four Imperial Royal Guards that impersonated Palpatine in an attempt to lead an Imperial splinter faction known as the Second Imperium. Likewise, the First Order was originally formed by a splinter faction of the Galactic Empire.
- Luke Skywalker dies and becomes one with the Force. In the Legends continuity, however, Luke's passing happened offscreen.
Solo: A Star Wars Story
- Han Solo gets enrolled at the Academy of Carida where he gets criticized for conduct reports. In the Legends continuity, however, Solo graduated at the top of his class and wasn't kicked out.
- Both Lady Proxima and Tobias Beckett are similar to Garris Shrike, a main character in The Han Solo Trilogy, who served as Han Solo's mentor in the Legends continuity. Likewise, Qi'ra is similar to Bria Tharen, Han Solo's first love in Legends.
- Qi'ra uses Teräs Käsi, a martial art that was introduced in the Legends continuity, most notably featured in Star Wars: Masters of Teräs Käsi.
- Han Solo releases Chewbacca from Imperial imprisonment, leading the Wookiee to swear a life debt.
- Mimban, a planet that appears in Splinter of the Mind's Eye, shows up in the film.
- Dryden Vos's study is filled with several artifacts with references to Legends stories, such as the Masthead of Xim the Despot as a reference to the cover of Han Solo and the Lost Legacy. Additionally, the Jewel of Yavin was initially intended to appear, but was dropped in production. Also, the Calrissian Chronicles trilogy is a reference to The Lando Calrissian Adventures book series.
- L3-37, Lando Calrissian's droid companion, is similar to Vuffi Raa from The Lando Calrissian Adventures, who also served as the co-pilot of the Millenium Falcon.
- The Maw first appeared in Star Wars: The Jedi Academy Trilogy. In The Han Solo Trilogy, the Maw distorts space and time near Kessel, so the distance of the Kessel Run is shortened by flying close to it. The Falcon makes the shortcut while escaping from an Imperial customs ship.
Star Wars: Episode IX The Rise of Skywalker
- It's not known whether this was a coincidence or not, but the story of Darth Sidious' resurrection after his first death during the Battle of Endor seems to borrow some elements from the Star Wars: Dark Empire comic book series:
- After resurfacing from the dead, Sidious organizes a Sith fleet to further his galactic conquest when time comes. This seems to have been inspired by the Katana fleet, which is also comprised of a massive amount of Imperial ships stored away in a far off corner of the galaxy.
- Another possible nod to the story is that Supreme Leader Snoke is shown to have been an artificial humanoid being who had many clone bodies stored by Sidious, similarly to how Sidious had many clone bodies to sustain himself so he could rule the galaxy in the comic book. Perhaps as a reference to the comic series; the concept of cloning his original body, later confirmed in the novelization, is briefly brought up for Palpatine's return.
- The Sith Eternal and the Final Order, two organizations lead by Sidious to reconquer the galaxy are similar to the Dark Empire, a regime which Palpatine intended to use to reconquer the galaxy. Likewise, the Dark Empire shows Sidious no longer hiding his affiliation with the Sith.
- The Knights of Ren, a group of dark-side users which serve the resurrected Darth Sidious, are similar to the Dark Jedi body called the Dark Side Elite, founded by the reborn Sidious as part of the Dark Empire. Similarly, the Dark Side Elite and the Knights of Ren serve Sidious' new regime and consist of seven members each.
- The Sith Sovereign Protectors which serve as Darth Sidious' new royal guard appear to be at least partly based off of the Imperial Sovereign Protectors of the Royal Guard.
- The Sith Eternal cult's role in the Final Order mirrors that of the role the Prophets of the Dark Side cult had in the Galactic Empire, as does their role as servants of Darth Sidious.
- Exegol, the capital of the Sith Eternal/Final Order in the Unknown Regions resembles Byss which served as the seat of power for the Dark Empire complete with both planets having a blue hue and strong in the Dark side of the Force.
- In both cases, Sidious claimed ultimate authority over the entire dark side only to see his own powers fatally redirected against him by opponent. In the Dark Empire, Sidious claimed himself to be the dark side itself and spawned a Force storm, but Luke and Leia used Force harmony to sever his Force connection, which made the storm rogue and it turned against Sidious' own flagship, resulting in death of Sidious' current clone body. In The Rise of Skywalker, Sidious claimed himself to be all the Sith shortly before Rey redirected his own massive torrent of Force lightning back to the Dark Lord, to the same effect.
- Besides Dark Empire, the Final Order/Sith Eternal including their military, the Knights of Ren and their home planet of Exegol resemble the Eternal Empire from Star Wars: The Old Republic including their own military, the Knights of Zakuul and their homeworld of Zakuul. Both empires are also based in the Unknown Regions and ruled by a Sith Emperor (Sheev Palpatine/Darth Sidious and Vitiate/Valkorion) who can transfer their conscience from one body to another and launched their attempted conquests on the galaxy during the later stages of a major conflict (Galactic War and the First Order-Resistance War).
- The Xyston-class Star Destroyers of the Sith Eternal fleet, armed with planet-destroying axial superlasers, bear some resemblance to the Legends' Conqueror, an Imperial-class Star Destroyer armed with superlaser purpoted to destroy planets.
- The way in which Darth Sidious pulled the strings behind Supreme Leader Snoke may have been a reference as well to how Onimi pulled the strings behind Supreme Overlord Shimraa Jamaane during the Yuuzhan Vong War in the Legends continuity.
- C-3PO questioning whether there's an afterlife for droids might be a reference to his philosophical story arc in the Star Wars: The New Jedi Order novel The New Jedi Order: Agents of Chaos I: Hero's Trial.
- Although it was mentioned in the novel Aftermath: Life Debt that Emperor Palpatine had no known family, the film reveals that Rey belongs to the Palpatine family, from which the only survivors are Palpatine himself and Rey. In the novel Darth Plagueis, Darth Plagueis manipulated Palpatine into killing his family.
- Emperor Palpatine is revealed to have sired a son named Dathan. In the Legends continuity, Palpatine was the father of Triclops, a mutant slave who was supposedly the result of Palpatine's relationship with Sly Moore.
- Likewise, both canon and Legends contiunities involve Sidious' grandchild becoming a Jedi apprentice of Luke Skywalker. In the Jedi Prince series Ken, son of Triclops, became an apprentice to Luke Skywalker, and was long unaware of his lineage. Much like Rey, he was terrified of it when learning the truth, and so deemed himself born of evil and thus unworthy to join the Rebel Alliance, but was reassured by his Jedi Master, who told him that he could be a force for good.
- While not known if an homage or a coincidence, the appearance of "Empress Palpatine" (which Rey imagines as herself if she falls to the dark side of the Force) resembles that of Eternal Empress Vaylin from Star Wars: The Old Republic.
- Sidious inciting Rey to strike him down so he can transfer his spirit into her and rule together may be a reference to the transfer essence power which was used, or intended to be used successfully, by multiple Sith Lords in the Legends continuity, including Emperors Palpatine and Vitiate/Valkorion.
- Likewise, Sidious' plot to take over Rey may have been inspired by Cronal's scheme in the novel Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor, where Cronal intended to do the same to Luke Skywalker, aside that the Sith Citadel throne room shares a heavy resemblance to Cronal's Shadow Throne.
- Sidious' ostentible promise to Rey, that after killing him she would be in charge of his immense fleet and, thereby, able to save her friends from the imminent destruction, might be inspired by the closing days of the Legends' continuity war against Zakuul, in which the Commander of the Eternal Alliance had to take the Eternal Throne to pacify the Eternal Fleet and thereby stop its reactivated original program of exterminating everything in the galaxy. In both cases, implicit posession-related Sith trap was present: had Rey completed the ritual her body would be seized by Darth Sidious, and the Alliance Commander's body was almost seized by the Emperor Valkorion, who attempted to wipe the Commander's consciousness from it immediately after the Commander sat onto the Eternal Throne.
- Lando Calrissian summoning a massive fleet of civilian volunteers with the Citizens' Fleet is similar to the emergency evac fleet that assisted the Galactic Alliance Remnant in the 47th issue of the Star Wars: Legacy comic series. Like the citizen's fleet, the emergency evac fleet was made up of several vehicles from previous Star Wars stories and opposed a genocide led by Sith-Imperial forces.
- Rey's confrontation against Darth Sidious bears some resemblance to Sidious' confrontation against Galen Marek in the Star Wars: The Force Unleashed video game, as both confrontations involved the use of Force lightning.
Notes and references
- ↑
"Kyle and Mara: Making Mysteries of the Sith - Part II: Zombies of the Dark Side" – Look, sir! Zombies!, Ryan Kaufman (author)'s StarWars.com Blog (content now obsolete; archived from the original)
- ↑
Why Samuel L. Jackson has a purple light sabre | The Graham Norton Show – BBC on the BBC YouTube channel (backup link)
- ↑ Revenge of the Sith on-line DVD text commentary
- ↑
Wheel bike in the Databank (content now obsolete; backup link)